Resumo Neste texto fala-se da temporalidade das relações entre os migrantes e as suas comunidades de origem. Com base em informações de experiências observadas em localidades da microrregião Zoogocho na região da Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, no México, documentam-se os problemas enfrentados pela manutenção da governação comunitária em resultado do enfraquecimento ou desaparecimento dos apoios sociais dos migrantes e da diminuição e envelhecimento da sua população causados pelo processo de migração. O exame destas relações permite destacar a contingência das relações que até há pouco tempo tornaram possíveis ações políticas transnacionais que têm distinguido as organizações migrantes oaxaquenhas.

Resumen En este texto discute la temporalidad de las relaciones entre los de migrantes y sus comunidades de origen. Basado en información de experiencias observadas en localidades de la microrregión Zoogocho en la región de la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, México, se documentan los problemas que enfrenta la manutención de la gobernanza comunitaria a consecuencia del debilitamiento o desaparición de los apoyos sociales de los migrantes y de la disminución y envejecimiento de su población ocasionada por el proceso migratorio. El examen de estas relaciones permite poner de relieve la contingencia de aquellas relaciones que hasta hace poco hacían posibles acciones políticas transnacionales que han distinguido a las organizaciones de migrantes oaxaqueños.

ABSTRACT Background: Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by a parasite protozoon from the genus Leishmania. Among the molecular techniques applied for detecting these parasites, real-time PCR with High Resolution Melting (PCR-HRM) proved advantageous since it simultaneously determines both the presence and species of the pathogen in one step, through amplification and later analysis of curves generated by melting temperature. Methods: Based on this molecular technique, the goal of this study was to estimate the PCR-HRM sensitivity for Leishmania spp. detection in different canine tissues by evaluating biological samples obtained from popliteal, submandibular, and pre-scapular lymph nodes, from bone marrow and ear pinnae of 28 stray dogs captured in the metropolitan area of Asunción (Paraguay). Results: The rk39 immunochromatographic test showed that 25/28 tested dogs (89%) presented antibodies against L. infantum. In 20/25 dogs that tested positive for rk39 (80%), it was possible to detect Leishmania spp. by PCR-HRM and determine that the species corresponded entirely to L. infantum. Regarding the analysis of different tissues, the parasite was detected in all popliteal lymph node samples, followed by high detection in submandibular (at 95%) and pre-scapular lymph nodes (at 90%), bone marrow (at 85%), and ear pinnae (at 85%). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the use of real-time PCR-HRM using the molecular marker hsp70 was a highly sensitive method for simultaneously detecting and identifying Leishmania species in different tissues taken from infected dogs. In addition, the usefulness of ear pinnae as easily accessible tissue for molecular diagnosis was emphasized.

RESUMO As culturas de soja produzidas nas planícies do leste da Colômbia vem sendo afetadas pela incidência de ferrugem. A doença, ainda considerada oficialmente, pelo Departamento de Agricultura da Colômbia (ICA) como ferrugem americana (ocasionada pelo fungo Phakopsora meibomiae), causa sérios danos à produção nas áreas de cultivo da soja. Os sintomas têm sido observados desde 2004 na metade superior das plantas durante os estágios vegetativos, como lesões marrom-avermelhadas. Em 2005 e 2018, tecidos foliares infectados e uredinosporos foram coletados em uma área experimental e cultivos comerciais dessa cultura. Uma vez que a identificação morfológica e os postulados de Koch confirmaram a presença de Phakopsora spp., foi realizada uma caracterização molecular para se identificar, a nível de espécie, o patógeno associado à ferrugem da soja. Estes foram baseados em procedimentos padrão com espaçadores de transcrição internos (ITS) do rDNA e amplificação por PCR com primers específicos para P. meibomiae e P. pachyrhizi. As sequências obtidas foram verificados por meio do Blast no site do GenBank/NCBI. Os resultados indicaram que Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow é, de fato, o agente causal da ferrugem da soja na Colômbia, considerando-se as amostras coletadas em 2005 e 2018. As sequências do ITS-rDNA de P. pachyrhizi foram depositadas com os números de acesso do GenBank MK933723 até MK933731. A informação foi repassada ao ICA, para que atualize oficialmente a situação fitossanitária desse patógeno da soja na Colombia.

ABSTRACT Soybean crops grown in the plains of eastern Colombia have been affected by the incidence of rust. This disease, still officially regarded as American soybean rust (caused by Phakopsora meibomiae) by the Colombian Department of Agriculture (ICA), causes serious damage to soybean growing areas. Symptoms of rust, such as reddish-brown lesions, have been observed since 2004 in the upper half of plants during vegetative stages. In 2005 and 2018, infected leaf tissues and uredinospores were collected from an experimental area and from commercial soybean fields. Once morphological identification and Koch’s postulates confirmed the presence of Phakopsora spp., molecular characterization was performed to identify the pathogen associated with the disease to species level. This was based on standard procedures using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA and PCR amplification with specific primers for Phakopsora meibomiae and P. pachyrhizi. The obtained sequences were BLASTed against GenBank/NCBI data bank. Results indicated that P. pachyrhizi Sydow is in fact the causative agent of soybean rust in Colombia, considering the samples collected in 2005 and 2018. The ITS-rDNA sequences of P. pachyrhizi were deposited at GenBank under the accession numbers MK933723 to MK933731. This finding was reported to ICA, so that they could officially update the phytosanitary status of this soybean pathogen in Colombia.

ABSTRACT Among diabetic patients, 15% have a foot ulcer and a significant fraction of them will suffer an amputation at some point. An analytical, retrospective cross-sectional study of non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was carried out in patients with a diagnosis of diabetic foot who attended the Emergency Service of the Clínicas Hospital in San Lorenzo, during January - December of the year 2019. In a total of 138 patients, the management established in the patients, whether surgical or. conservative, was compared according to certain comorbidities, such as age over 65 years, place of origin, average capillary glycemia and arterial hypertension on admission; Of these, there was a statistically significant relationship (p <0.05) between the need for amputation and capillary glycemia and arterial hypertension. Successful intervention requires a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers and a rapid and standardized implementation of effective treatment. Multidisciplinary management can achieve limb salvage, leading to better quality of life and survival.

RESUMEN El 15% de los individuos con DM2 presenta una úlcera en el pie y una fracción importante de ellos sufrirá en algún momento una amputación. Se realizó un estudio analítico, de corte trasversal retrospectivo de muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos en pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético que acudieron al servicio de Urgencias del Hospital de Clínicas de San Lorenzo, en el periodo Enero - Diciembre del año 2019. Sobre un número total de 138 pacientes, se observa que el 51% recibió un manejo quirúrgico, con amputaciones de varios tipos. Se comparó el manejo instaurado en los pacientes, sea este quirúrgico o conservador según la presencia o no de ciertas comorbilidades, como edad mayor a 65 años, lugar de procedencia, glicemia capilar promedio del paciente e hipertensión arterial al ingreso; de estos existió una relación estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre la necesidad de amputación y la glicemia capilar y la hipertensión arterial. El éxito de la intervención requiere un completo entendimiento de la patogénesis de las úlceras del pie diabético y una implementación rápida y estandarizada de un tratamiento efectivo. El manejo multidisciplinario puede lograr el salvataje de la extremidad, que conducirá a una mejor calidad de vida y sobrevida.

ABSTRACT In vascular abdominal pathology, abdominal aneurysms located in the splenic artery are infrequent. Being mostly asymptomatic, when they present symptoms they can be nonspecific or present as acute hemorrhagic abdomen due to rupture of the aneurysm to the retroperitoneum or neighboring organs. A case of a patient with splenic artery aneurysm will be presented below and the literature will be reviewed with the aim of showing diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives.

Resumen En la patología abdominal vascular, los aneurismas abdominales localizados en la arteria esplénica son de infrecuente aparición. Siendo mayoritariamente asintomáticos, cuando presentan síntomas pueden ser inespecíficos o presentarse como abdomen agudo hemorrágico por rotura del aneurisma a retroperitoneo u órganos vecinos. Se presentará a continuación un caso de un paciente con aneurisma de arteria esplénica y se revisara la literatura con el objetivo de mostrar las alternativas diagnósticas y terapéuticas.

Resumen Los aneurismas de la arteria pulmonar son entidades infrecuentes y su tratamiento es tema de discusión. Desde el punto de vista etiológico pueden ser congénitos o adquiridos. Los primeros, generalmente se asocian a malformaciones cardiacas que producen hipertensión pulmonar, siendo el ductus arterioso la más frecuente. Otras anomalías incluyen defectos auriculares o ventriculares. Las causas adquiridas pueden ser idiopáticas o estar asociadas a infecciones (tuberculosis, sífilis), traumatismos o colagenopatías. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 62 años, quien consultó por un cuadro clínico en el que se destacaba su sintomatología neurológica e infecciosa, con posterior progresión a un choque séptico y en quien los hallazgos de las imágenes mostraron un aneurisma gigante de la arteria pulmonar siendo este un hallazgo incidental y sin relación a la sintomatología de la paciente.

Abstract Aneurysms of the pulmonary artery are rare entities and their treatment is a matter of discussion. From the etiological point of view, they can be congenital or acquired. Those in the first group are generally associated with cardiac malformations that generate pulmonary hypertension, with the ductus arteriosus being the most frequent. Other abnormalities include atrial or ventricular defects. The acquired causes may be idiopathic or associated with infections (tuberculosis, syphilis), trauma, or collagen disease. We present the case of a 62-year-old woman, which consulted for a clinical condition where neurological and infectious symptoms stood out, with subsequent progression to a state of septic shock, and in whom the imaging finding showed a giant pulmonary artery aneurysm. this being an incidental finding and unrelated to the patient’s symptoms.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and malaria cause morbidity globally. The drugs currently used for treatment have limitations. Activity of cinnamic acid analogs against Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, and Plasmodium falciparum was evaluated in the interest of identifying new antiprotozoal compounds. METHODS In vitro effects of analogs against L. braziliensis, L. infantum chagasi, T. cruzi, and P. falciparum, and hemolytic and cytotoxic activities on NCTC 929 were determined. RESULTS Three analogs showed leishmanicidal and tripanocidal activity. No antiplasmodial, hemolytic, or cytotoxic activity was observed. CONCLUSIONS Antiprotozoal activity of analogs against L. infantum braziliensis, L. infantum chagasi, and T. cruzi was demonstrated.

This paper presents the development of two sensor networks as initial stage for the design of a prototype electronic tongue. One of these sensor networks was joined by commercial screen printed electrodes and the other sensor network was assembled from modified electrodes with pyrrole and different dopants. The capacity of discrimination and classification of different types of samples of commercial milk to two sensor networks was analyzed. The results show that the use of modified sensors with conductive polymers allows obtaining more complete information, classifying correctly samples of milk with different organoleptic and physico-chemical properties by the use of two main components that reproduced the 67,6% of information. On the contrary, the commercial sensor network evaluated on the same group of samples and equal conditions, obtaining 56,5% of the variability of information, showing in this way lower classifying capacity of the samples analyzed.

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de discriminación de dos redes de sensores. Una de estas redes de sensores se conformó por electrodos comerciales serigrafiados con materiales electroactivos y la otra red de sensores se elaboró a partir de electrodos modificados con polipirrol y diferentes dopantes. Se analizó la capacidad de discriminación y clasificación de diferentes tipos de muestras de leche comercial. Los resultados muestran que el uso de sensores modificados con polipirrol permite obtener respuestas más completas en información, clasificando correctamente las muestras de leche con propiedades fisicoquímicas y organolépticas diferentes mediante el uso de dos componentes principales que reprodujo el 67,6% de la información. Por otra parte, la red de sensores comerciales se evaluó sobre el mismo grupo de muestras e iguales condiciones, consiguiéndose el 56,5% de la variabilidad de información, mostrando así menos capacidad de discriminación de las muestras analizadas.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare disease composed of a triad of (a) malformed capillaries, (b) varicose veins and/or vascular malformation, and (c) hypertrophic soft or bone tissue. It is present at birth. The capillary malformations, also known as port-wine stain, are the most common skin abnormalities in KTS. Lymphoid hyperplasia is found in more than 50% of these patients. It may be located in any part of the body, but is most common in the limbs, in which case the increased size of the affected limb becomes more noticeable with age. Complications include secondary infection, thrombophlebitis, neuropathic pain, and bone involvement. Diagnosis is clinical and support from diagnostic imaging such as computed tomography angiography, NMR, or conventional angiography can be important for diagnosis and treatment. In general, treatment is conservative.

El síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay (KTS) es una rara enfermedad que comprende la tríada de (a) malformación de capilares vasculares (b) venas varicosas y/o malformación venosa y (c) hipertrofia de tejidos blandos u óseos. Está presente desde el nacimiento. Las malformaciones capilares, también conocidas como de líneas de vino de oporto, son las malformaciones cutáneas más comunes en el Síndrome de KT. Hay hiperplasia linfática en más del 50% de los pacientes. Puede ubicarse en cualquier parte del organismo pero es más frecuente en los miembros, en cuyo caso el aumento del tamaño del miembro afecto va haciéndose llamativo con la edad. Las complicaciones son sobreinfección, tromboflebitis, dolores neuropáticos y afectación ósea. El diagnóstico es clínico y el apoyo diagnóstico de imágenes tales como angiotomografía, RMN y angiografía son de importancia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento. En general, el tratamiento es conservador.

In a production system, the development of new sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) varieties is an important factor to attain higher yield levels and contribute to varietal diversification. In 2011, the Sugarcane Breeding Program of Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (Tucumán, Argentina) released variety TUC 95-10 commercially. This cultivar was assessed in regional trials as regards its yield performance and disease resistance levels, while comparing it with LCP 85-384, the principal variety in the province. The trials were evaluated in six different locations through four crop ages, while focusing on cane tons per hectare (TCH), sugar content (RF%) and sugar tons per hectare (TAH). Mixed models were fitted to allow statistical comparisons across locations and crop ages. Levels of resistance to the major regional diseases were determined by visual detection of symptoms severity. The new variety led to higher TCH and TAH values than LCP 85-384, with statistically significant differences across locations and crop ages. These results were also obtained when analyzing most locations and crop ages separately. TUC 95-10 behaved as moderately resistant to brown rust (Puccinia melanocephala) and leaf scald (Xanthomonas albilineans), and resistant to mosaic (Sugar cane mosaic virus), smut (Sporisorium scitamineum) and red stripe (Acidovorax avenae).

El desarrollo de nuevas variedades de caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) constituye un factor importante dentro de un sistema productivo, ya que contribuye al incremento de los niveles de rendimiento de los cañaverales y a su diversificación varietal. En 2011, el Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de la Caña de Azúcar de la Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (Tucumán, R. Argentina) liberó comercialmente la variedad TUC 95-10. Este cultivar fue evaluado en una serie de ensayos regionales comparativos de rendimiento, con la finalidad de valorar su comportamiento productivo y fitosanitario dentro del área cañera de Tucumán, comparando además su desempeño con el de LCP 85-384 (la variedad actualmente más cultivada en la provincia). Los ensayos fueron evaluados con respecto a toneladas de caña por hectárea (TCH), rendimiento fabril (RF%) y toneladas de azúcar por hectárea (TAH), en seis localidades diferentes y durante cuatro edades de corte. Se ajustaron modelos mixtos que permitieron realizar comparaciones estadísticas a través de localidades y edades de corte. El comportamiento fitosanitario se determinó mediante evaluaciones observacionales de la severidad de los síntomas de las principales enfermedades presentes en la región. El nuevo cultivar superó a LCP 85-384 en TCH y TAH a través de localidades y edades de corte, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas, comportamiento que se repitió en la mayoría de las edades y localidades, cuando se analizaron separadamente. TUC 95-10 se mostró como moderadamente resistente a roya marrón (Puccinia melanocephala) y escaldadura de la hoja (Xanthomonas albilineans) y como resistente a mosaico (Sugar cane mosaic virus), carbón (Sporisorium scitamineum) y estría roja (Acidovorax avenae).

Este estudo multicêntrico corte temporal explorou a perspectiva de familiares e pessoas próximas a usuários de drogas ilícitas sobre fatores de risco e proteção, serviços de tratamento, políticas e leis relacionadas ao uso de drogas ilícitas. Os familiares e pessoas próximas a usuários de drogas ilícitas foram recrutados em dez unidades de saúde, localizadas em grandes centros urbanos de sete países da América Latina (Brasil, Colômbia, Costa Rica, Equador, Guatemala, Honduras e México), para responderem um questionário. A maioria dos participantes escolheu fatores psicossociais e não fatores genéticos ou biológicos para explicar a causa dos problemas do uso de drogas. Responderam que familiares e governantes são os principais responsáveis pela prevenção dos problemas das drogas. As igrejas e outras instituições religiosas foram mencionadas com frequência dentro do contexto de acesso ao tratamento. A maioria dos entrevistados apontou que o acesso aos serviços que oferecem tratamentos aos usuários de drogas não é suficiente. Vergonha sobre o uso de drogas, custo e opções insuficientes de tratamento foram citados com mais frequência como as principais barreiras para o tratamento.

This cross-sectional multi-centre study explored how family members and friends of illicit drug users perceived protective and risk factors, treatment facilities and policies and laws regarding illicit drug use. Family members and friends of illicit drug users were recruited in 10 urban health care outpatient units in 7 Latin American countries (Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico) to complete a questionnaire. The majority of the respondents chose psycho-social factors over genetic or biological explanations as causes of drug problems. Respondents felt that families and governments were responsible for preventing drug problems. Church/religious institutions were most often mentioned in the context of accessible treatment. When asked about access to treatment facilities, the majority said that there were not enough. Shame about drug use, cost, and limited treatment options were most often cited as barriers to treatment.

Este estudio transversal multicéntrico exploró como los familiares y personas cercanas de usuarios de drogas ilícitas perciben los factores de protección y los de riesgo, las facilidades de tratamiento, las iniciativas de prevención y la legislación relativa a las drogas ilícitas. Los familiares y personas cercanas de los usuarios de drogas ilícitas fueron reclutados en 10 unidades urbanas de atención de salud en ambulatorios, en 7 países de América Latina (Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras y México) para responder a una encuesta. Con respecto a las causas de los problemas de las drogas, la mayoría de los encuestados destacó los factores psicosociales como siendo más importantes que los factores genéticos o biológicos. Los encuestados consideraron que las familias y los gobiernos son quienes tienen más responsabilidad en la prevención de los problemas de drogas. La iglesia y las instituciones religiosas fueron mencionadas con mayor frecuencia en el contexto del acceso al tratamiento. Cuando se les preguntó sobre el acceso a las facilidades de tratamiento, la mayoría manifestó que éstas no eran suficientes. Como barreras para el tratamiento, citaron entre las más frecuentes, la vergüenza por el uso de las drogas, la falta de opciones para su tratamiento y el costo del mismo.